Mathematics education in K-12 is a perennial national concern. Responses have ranged from alarmist to calls for curricular reform. The common thread is that students must acquire greater knowledge of and improve performance in mathematics. One approach to improving students’ mathematical knowledge and performance is to build a foundation for their success in algebra. 

Why algebra? Scholars say algebra is the linchpin to success in mathematics because of its foundational role in all areas of mathematics (NCTM, 2000; National Mathematics Advisory Panel, 2008; RAND Mathematics Study Panel, 2003). Algebra provides the mathematical tools to represent and analyze quantitative relationships, to model situations, and to solve problems in every mathematical domain. Algebra also is widely recognized as a gatekeeper to future educational and employment opportunities (Kaput, 1998; Moses & Cobb, 2001; National Research Council, 1998). Though two decades old, Schoenfeld’s (1995) statement still holds true today:  

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